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New Zealand (/nju?'zi?l?nd/; Maori: Aotearoa [a?'t?a??a]) is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses ? that of the North Island, or Te Ika-a-Maui, and the South Island, or Te Waipounamu ? and numerous smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some 1,500 kilometres (900 mi) east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly 1,000 kilometres (600 mi) south of the Pacific island nations of New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga. Because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans. During its long isolation, New Zealand developed a distinctive biodiversity of animal, fungal and plant life; most notable are the large number of unique bird species. The country's varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and Polynesians settled New Zealand in xxxx?xxxx CE and developed a distinctive Maori culture. Abel Tasman, a Dutch explorer, was the first European to sight New Zealand in xxxx CE.[12] The introduction of potatoes and muskets triggered upheaval among Maori early during the 19th century, which led to the inter-tribal Musket Wars. In xxxx the British and Maori signed a treaty making New Zealand a colony of the British Empire. Immigrant numbers increased sharply and conflicts escalated into the New Zealand Wars, which resulted in Maori land being confiscated in the mid North Island. Economic depressions were followed by periods of political reform, with women gaining the vote during the xxxxs, and a welfare state being established from the xxxxs. After World War II, New Zealand joined Australia and the United States in the ANZUS security treaty, although the United States later suspended the treaty. New Zealanders enjoyed one of the highest standards of living in the world in the xxxxs, but the xxxxs saw a deep recession, worsened by oil shocks and the United Kingdom's entry into the European Economic Community. The country underwent major economic changes during the xxxxs, which transformed it from a protectionist to a liberalised free trade economy; once-dominant exports of wool have been overtaken by dairy products,The majority of New Zealand's population is of European descent; the indigenous Maori are the largest minority, followed by Asians and non-Maori Polynesians. English, Maori and New Zealand Sign Language are the official languages, with English predominant. Much of New Zealand's culture is derived from Maori and early British settlers. Early European art was dominated by landscapes and to a lesser extent portraits of Maori. A recent resurgence of Maori culture has seen their traditional arts of carving, weaving and tattooing become more mainstream. The country's culture has also been broadened by globalisation and increased immigration from the Pacific Islands and Asia. New Zealand's diverse landscape provides many opportunities for outdoor pursuits and has provided the backdrop for a number New Zealand is organised into 11 regional councils and 67 territorial authorities for local government purposes; these have less autonomy than the country's long defunct provinces did. Nationally, executive political power is exercised by the Cabinet, led by the Prime Minister. Queen Elizabeth II is the country's head of state and is represented by a Governor-General. The Queen's Realm of New Zealand also includes Tokelau (a dependent territory); the Cook Islands and Niue (self-governing but in free association); and the Ross Dependency, which is New Zealand's territorial claim in Antarctica. New Zealand is a member of the United Nations, Commonwealth of Nations, ANZUS, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Pacific Islands Forum and Asia-Pacific Aotearoa (often translated as "land of the long white cloud")[13] is the current Maori name for New Zealand, and is also used in New Zealand English. It is unknown whether Maori had a name for the whole country before the arrival of Europeans, with Aotearoa originally referring to just the North Island.[14] Dutch explorer Abel Tasman sighted New Zealand in xxxx and called it Staten Landt, supposing it was connected to a landmass of the same name at the southern tip of South America.[15] In xxxx Dutch cartographers renamed the land Nova Zeelandia after the Dutch province of Zeeland.[16][17] British explorer James Cook subsequently anglicised the Maori had several traditional names for the two main islands, including Te Ika-a-Maui (the fish of Maui) for the North Island and Te Waipounamu (the waters of greenstone) or Te Waka o Aoraki (the canoe of Aoraki) for the South Island.[18] Early European maps labelled the islands North (North Island), Middle (South Island) and South (Stewart Island / Rakiura).[19] In xxxx, maps began to use North and South to distinguish the two largest islands and by xxxx this was the accepted norm.[20] The New Zealand Geographic Board discovered in xxxx that the names of the North Island and South Island had never been formalised, and names and alternative names were formalised in xxxx. This set the names as North Island or Te Ika-a-Maui, and South Island or Te Waipounamu.[21] Note that for each island, either its English or Maori name can be used, or both can New Zealand was one of the last major landmasses settled by humans. Radiocarbon dating, evidence of deforestation[23] and mitochondrial DNA variability within Maori populations[24] suggest New Zealand was first settled by Eastern Polynesians between xxxx and xxxx,[18][25] concluding a long series of voyages through the southern Pacific islands.[26] Over the centuries that followed these settlers developed a distinct culture now known as Maori. The population was divided into iwi (tribes) and hapu (subtribes) who would cooperate, compete and sometimes fight with each other. At some point a group of Maori migrated to the Chatham Islands (which they named Rekohu) where they developed their distinct Moriori culture.[27][28] The Moriori population was decimated between xxxx and xxxx, largely because of Taranaki Maori invasion and enslavement in the xxxxs, although European diseases also contributed. In xxxx only 101 survived and the last known full-blooded Moriori The first Europeans known to have reached New Zealand were Dutch explorer Abel Tasman and his crew in xxxx.[30] In a hostile encounter, four crew members were killed and at least one Maori was hit by canister shot.[31] Europeans did not revisit New Zealand until xxxx when British explorer James Cook mapped almost the entire coastline.[30] Following Cook, New Zealand was visited by numerous European and North American whaling, sealing and trading ships. They traded food, metal tools, weapons and other goods for timber, food, artifacts and water.[32] The introduction of the potato and the musket transformed Maori agriculture and warfare. Potatoes provided a reliable food surplus, which enabled longer and more sustained military campaigns.[33] The resulting inter-tribal Musket Wars encompassed over 600 battles between xxxx and xxxx, killing 30,000?40,000 Maori.[34] From the early 19th century, Christian missionaries began to settle New Zealand, eventually converting most of the Maori population.[35] The Maori population declined to around 40 percent of its pre-contact level during the 19th century; introduced diseases were the In xxxx Arthur Phillip assumed the position of Governor of New South Wales and claimed New Zealand as part of New South Wales.[citation needed] The British Government appointed James Busby as British Resident to New Zealand in xxxx[37] and in xxxx, following an announcement of impending French settlement by Charles de Thierry, the nebulous United Tribes of New Zealand sent a Declaration of the Independence to King William IV of the United Kingdom asking for protection.[37] Ongoing unrest and the dubious legal standing of the Declaration of Independence prompted the Colonial Office to send Captain William Hobson to claim sovereignty for the British Crown and negotiate a treaty with the Maori.[38] The Treaty of Waitangi was first signed in the Bay of Islands on 6 February xxxx.[39] In response to the commercially run New Zealand Company's attempts to establish an independent settlement in Wellington[40] and French settlers "purchasing" land in Akaroa,[41] Hobson declared British sovereignty over all of New Zealand on 21 May xxxx, even though copies of the Treaty were still circulating.[42] With the signing of the Treaty and declaration of sovereignty the number of immigrants, particularly from the United Kingdom,New Zealand, originally part of the colony of New South Wales, became a separate Colony of New Zealand on 1 July xxxx.[44] The colony gained a representative government in xxxx and the 1st New Zealand Parliament met in xxxx.[45] In xxxx the colony effectively became self-governing, gaining responsibility over all domestic matters other than native policy. (Control over native policy was granted in the mid-xxxxs.)[45] Following concerns that the South Island might form a separate colony, premier Alfred Domett moved a resolution to transfer the capital from Auckland to a locality near the Cook Strait.[46] Wellington was chosen for its harbour and central location, with parliament officially sitting there for the first time in xxxx. As immigrant numbers increased, conflicts over land led to the New Zealand Wars of the xxxxs and xxxxs, resulting in the loss and confiscation of much Maori land.[47] In xxxx the country became the first nation in the world to grant all women the right to vote[48] and in xxxx pioneered the adoption of compulsory arbitration betweenIn xxxx, at the request of the New Zealand Parliament, King Edward VII proclaimed New Zealand a dominion within the British Empire, reflecting its self-governing status. In xxxx the country adopted the Statute of Westminster, confirming that the British parliament could no longer legislate for New Zealand without the consent of New Zealand.[45] New Zealand was involved in world affairs, fighting alongside the British Empire in the First and Second World Wars[50] and suffering through the Great Depression.[51] The depression led to the election of the first Labour government and the establishment of a comprehensive welfare state and a protectionist economy.[52] New Zealand experienced increasing prosperity following World War II[53] and Maori began to leave their traditional rural life and move to the cities in search of work.[54] A Maori protest movement developed, which criticised Eurocentrism and worked for greater recognition of Maori culture and the Treaty of Waitangi.[55] In xxxx, a Waitangi Tribunal was set up to investigate alleged breaches of the Treaty, and it was enabled to investigate historic grievances in xxxx.[39] The government has negotiated settlements of these grievances with many iwi, although Maori claims to the foreshore and seabed have proved New Zealand is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary democracy,[56] although its constitution is not codified.[57] Elizabeth II is the Queen of New Zealand and the head of state.[58] The Queen is represented by the Governor-General, whom she appoints on the advice of the Prime Minister.[59][60] The Governor-General can exercise the Crown's prerogative powers, such as reviewing cases of injustice and making appointments of ministers, ambassadors and other key public officials,[61] and in rare situations, the reserve powers (e.g. the power to dissolve Parliament or refuse the Royal Assent of a bill into law).[62] The powers of the Queen and the Governor-General are limited by constitutional constraints and they cannot normally be exercised without the The New Zealand Parliament holds legislative power and consists of the Queen and the House of Representatives.[63] It also included an upper house, the Legislative Council, until this was abolished in xxxx.[63] The supremacy of Parliament, over the Crown and other government institutions, was established in England by the Bill of Rights xxxx and has been ratified as law in New Zealand.[63] The House of Representatives is democratically elected and a Government is formed from the party or coalition with the majority of seats.[63] If no majority is formed a minority government can be formed if support from other parties during confidence and supply votes is assured. The Governor-General appoints ministers under advice from the Prime Minister, who is by convention the Parliamentary leader of the governing party or coalition.[64] Cabinet, formed by ministers and led by the Prime Minister, is the highest policy-making body in government and responsible for deciding significant government actions.[65] By convention, members of cabinet are bound by collective responsibility toJudges and judicial officers are appointed non-politically and under strict rules regarding tenure to help maintain constitutional independence from the government.[57] This theoretically allows the judiciary to interpret the law based solely on the legislation enacted by Parliament without other influences on their decisions.[67] The Privy Council in London was the country's final court of appeal until xxxx, when it was replaced with the newly established Supreme Court of New Zealand. The judiciary, headed by the Chief Justice,[68] includes the Court of Appeal, Almost all parliamentary general elections between xxxx and xxxx were held under the first-past-the-post voting system.[69] The elections since xxxx have been dominated by two political parties, National and Labour.[69] Since the xxxx election, a form of proportional representation called Mixed Member Proportional (MMP) has been used.[57] Under the MMP system each person has two votes; one is for electoral seats (including some reserved for Maori),[70] and the other is for a party. Since the xxxx election, there have been 70 electorate seats (which includes, since the xxxx election, 7 Maori electorates), and the remaining fifty seats are assigned so that representation in parliament reflects the party vote, although a party has to win one electoral seat or 5 percent of the total party vote before it is eligible for these seats.[71] Between March xxxx and August xxxx New Zealand became the only country in the world in which all the highest offices in the land (Head of State, Governor-General, Prime Minister, Speaker and Chief Justice) were occupied Early colonial New Zealand allowed the British Government to determine external trade and be responsible for foreign policy.[77] The xxxx and xxxx Imperial Conferences decided that New Zealand should be allowed to negotiate their own political treaties and the first commercial treaty was ratified in xxxx with Japan. On 3 September xxxx New Zealand allied itself with Britain and declared war on Germany with Prime Minister Michael Savage proclaiming, "Where she goes, we go; where she In xxxx the United Kingdom became increasingly focused on its European interests,[79] while New Zealand joined Australia and the United States in the ANZUS security treaty.[80] The influence of the United States on New Zealand weakened following protests over the Vietnam War,[81] the refusal of the United States to admonish France after the sinking of the Rainbow Warrior,[82] disagreements over environmental and agricultural trade issues and New Zealand's nuclear-free policy.[83][84] Despite the USA's suspension of ANZUS obligations the treaty remained in effect between New Zealand and Australia, whose foreign policy has followed a similar historical trend.[85] Close political contact is maintained between the two countries, with free trade agreements and travel arrangements that allow citizens to visit, live and work in both countries without restrictions.[86] In xxxx, there are about 650,000 New Zealand citizens living in Australia, which is about 15 per cent of the population of New Zealand.[87] 65,000 Australians livNew Zealand has a strong presence among the Pacific Island countries. A large proportion of New Zealand's aid goes to these countries and many Pacific people migrate to New Zealand for employment.[88] Permanent migration is regulated under the xxxx Samoan Quota Scheme and the xxxx Pacific Access Category, which allow up to 1,100 Samoan nationals and up to 750 other Pacific Islanders respectively to become permanent New Zealand residents each year. A seasonal workers scheme for temporary migration was introduced in xxxx and in xxxx about 8,000 Pacific Islanders were employed under it.[89] New Zealand is involved in the Pacific Islands Forum, Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations Regional Forum (including the East Asia Summit).[86] New Zealand is also a member of the United Nations,[90] the Commonwealth of Nations,[91] the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development[92] and the Five Power Defence The New Zealand Defence Force has three branches: the Royal New Zealand Navy, the New Zealand Army and the Royal New Zealand Air Force.[94] New Zealand's national defence needs are modest because of the unlikelihood of direct attack,[95] although it does have a global presence. The country fought in both world wars, with notable campaigns in Gallipoli, Crete,[96] El Alamein[97] and Cassino.[98] The Gallipoli campaign played an important part in fostering New Zealand's national identity[99][100] and strengthened the ANZAC tradition it shares with Australia.[101] According to Mary Edmond-Paul, "World War I had left scars on New Zealand society, with nearly 18,500 in total dying as a result of the war, more than 41,000 wounded, and others affected emotionally, out of an overseas fighting force of about 103,000 and a population of just over a million."[102] New Zealand also played key parts in the naval Battle of the River Plate[103] and the Battle of Britain air campaign.[104][105] During World War II, the United States had more than 400,000 American military personnel stationed In addition to Vietnam and the two world wars, New Zealand fought in the Korean War, the Second Boer War,[107] the Malayan Emergency,[108] the Gulf War and the Afghanistan War. It has contributed forces to several regional and global peacekeeping missions, such as those in Cyprus, Somalia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Sinai, Angola, Cambodia, the Iran?Iraq border, Bougainville, East Timor, and the Solomon Islands.[109] New Zealand also sent a unit of army engineers to help rebuild Iraqi infrastructure for one year during Since xxxx, various councils have administered local areas under legislation determined by the central government.[112][116] In xxxx, the government reorganised local government into the current two-tier structure of regional councils and territorial authorities.[117] The 249 municipalities[117] that existed in xxxx have now been consolidated into 67 territorial authorities and 11 regional councils.[118] The regional councils' role is to regulate "the natural environment with particular emphasis on resource management",[117] while territorial authorities are responsible for sewage, water, local roads, building consents and other local matters.[119] Five of the territorial councils are unitary authorities and also act as regional councils.[120] The territorial authorities consist of 13 city councils, 53 district councils, and the Chatham Islands Council. While officially the Chatham Islands Council is not a unitary authority, it undertakes many functions of a regional New Zealand is one of 16 realms within the commonwealth.[122][123] The Realm of New Zealand is the territory over which the Queen of New Zealand is sovereign and comprises New Zealand, Tokelau, the Ross Dependency, the Cook Islands and Niue.[123] The Cook Islands and Niue are self-governing states in free association with New Zealand.[124][125] The New Zealand Parliament cannot pass legislation for these countries, but with their consent can act on behalf of them in foreign affairs and defence. Tokelau is a non-self-governing territory that uses the New Zealand flag and anthem, but is administered by a council of three elders (one from each Tokelauan atoll).[126][127] The Ross Dependency is New Zealand's territorial claim in Antarctica, where it operates the Scott Base research facility.[128] New Zealand citizenship law treats all parts of the realm equally, so most people born in New Zealand, the Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau and the Ross Dependency before xxxx are New Zealand citizens. Further conditions apply for those born New Zealand is made up of two main islands and a number of smaller islands, located near the centre of the water hemisphere. The two main islands (the North Island, or Te Ika-a-Maui, and the South Island, or Te Waipounamu) are separated by the Cook Strait, 22 kilometres (14 mi) wide at its narrowest point.[130] Besides the North and South Islands, the five largest inhabited islands are Stewart Island, the Chatham Islands, Great Barrier Island (in the Hauraki Gulf),[131] d'Urville Island (in the Marlborough Sounds)[132] and Waiheke Island (about 22 km (14 mi) from central Auckland).[133] The country's islands lie between latitudes 29° and 53°S, and longitudesNew Zealand is long (over 1,600 kilometres (990 mi) along its north-north-east axis) and narrow (a maximum width of 400 kilometres (250 mi)),[134] with approximately 15,000 km (9,300 mi) of coastline[135] and a total land area of 268,000 square kilometres (103,500 sq mi)[136] Because of its far-flung outlying islands and long coastline, the country has extensive marine resources. Its Exclusive Economic Zone, one of the largest in the world, covers more than 15 times its The South Island is the largest landmass of New Zealand, and is divided along its length by the Southern Alps.[138] There are 18 peaks over 3,000 metres (9,800 ft), the highest of which is Aoraki / Mount Cook at 3,754 metres (12,316 ft).[139] Fiordland's steep mountains and deep fiords record the extensive ice age glaciation of this south-western corner of the South Island.[140] The North Island is less mountainous but is marked by volcanism.[141] The highly active Taupo Volcanic Zone has formed a large volcanic plateau, punctuated by the North Island's highest mountain, Mount Ruapehu (2,797 metres (9,177 ft)). The plateau also hosts the country's largest lake, Lake Taupo,[142] nestled in the caldera of one of the world's most active The country owes its varied topography, and perhaps even its emergence above the waves, to the dynamic boundary it straddles between the Pacific and Indo-Australian Plates.[144] New Zealand is part of Zealandia, a microcontinent nearly half the size of Australia that gradually submerged after breaking away from the Gondwanan supercontinent.[145] About 25 million years ago, a shift in plate tectonic movements began to contort and crumple the region. This is now most evident in the Southern Alps, formed by compression of the crust beside the Alpine Fault. Elsewhere the plate boundary involves the subduction of one plate under the other, producing the Puysegur Trench to the south, the Hikurangi Trench east of the North Island, and the Kermadec and Tonga Trenches[146] further New Zealand has a mild and temperate maritime climate (Köppen: Cfb) with mean annual temperatures ranging from 10 °C (50 °F) in the south to 16 °C (61 °F) in the north.[147] Historical maxima and minima are 42.4 °C (108.32 °F) in Rangiora, Canterbury and -25.6 °C (-14.08 °F) in Ranfurly, Otago.[148] Conditions vary sharply across regions from extremely wet on the West Coast of the South Island to almost semi-arid in Central Otago and the Mackenzie Basin of inland Canterbury and subtropical in Northland.[149] Of the seven largest cities, Christchurch is the driest, receiving on average only 640 millimetres (25 in) of rain per year and Auckland the wettest, receiving almost twice that amount.[150] Auckland, Wellington and Christchurch all receive a yearly average in excess of 2,000 hours of sunshine. The southern and south-western parts of the South Island have a cooler and cloudier climate, with around 1,400?1,600 hours; the northern and north-eastern parts of the South Island are the sunniest areas of the country and receive approximately 2,400?2,500 hours.[151] The general snow season is about early June until early October in the South Island. It is less common on the North Island, although New Zealand's geographic isolation for 80 million years[152] and island biogeography is responsible for the country's unique species of animals, fungi and plants. They have either evolved from Gondwanan wildlife or the few organisms that have managed to reach the shores flying, swimming or being carried across the sea.[153] About 82 percent of New Zealand's indigenous vascular plants are endemic, covering 1,944 species across 65 genera and includes a single endemic family.[154][155] The number of fungi recorded from New Zealand, including lichen-forming species, is not known, nor is the proportion of those fungi which are endemic, but one estimate suggests there are approximately xxxx species of lichen-forming fungi in New Zealand[154] and 40 percent of these are endemic.[156] The two main types of forest are those dominated by broadleaf trees with emergent podocarps, or by southern beech in cooler climates.[157] The remaining vegetation types consist of grasslands, the majority of which are tussock.[158]it does occur.north.[144]supervolcanoes.[143]land area.[137] 165° and 176°E.from xxxx onwards.[129]council.[121]the Iraq War.in New Zealand.[106]Arrangements.[93]e in New Zealand.[86]stands, we stand."[78]simultaneously by women.[72]the High Court, and decisions made by cabinet.[66]advice of Cabinet.[62][63]controversial in the xxxxs. employers and unions.[49] began to increase.[43]major factor.[36]died in xxxx.[29]be used together.name to New Zealand.[n 6]Economic Cooperation.of big budget movies. meat, and wine.volcanic eruptions.
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